Gambling involves risking something of value for the possibility of a greater prize, and it is found in virtually all societies throughout history. It can take the form of a lottery, horse races, dice games, cards, or even sports betting. The act of gambling can lead to addiction, psychological distress, and financial ruin. In the United States, 2.5 million adults (1% of the population) meet the diagnostic criteria for a severe gambling problem. A further 5-8 million people have mild or moderate gambling problems; they do not meet the full criteria for a disorder but struggle with excessive or problematic gambling behavior.

The psychological underpinnings of gambling are complex, and it is difficult to determine exactly when a gambler crosses the line from fun to problematic or pathological. However, over the years psychologists have developed a consensus on warning signs and danger signs that indicate a person may be prone to developing a gambling problem. These indicators include:

While some experts believe that gambling disorder is on a continuum with less-severe and more-severe forms of the disorder, others do not think there is such a thing as a gambling continuum. Instead, they believe that gambling disorders are characterized by distinct features, with people falling into one of these categories or another as their behavior develops.

Many factors contribute to the development of a gambling problem, including genetics, family history, culture, and environment. In addition, certain mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder and depression, can increase the risk of developing a gambling problem. People who have a high-level of impulse control and are able to manage their finances well are less likely to develop a gambling problem.

Gambling is often used as a way to self-soothe unpleasant feelings and to relieve boredom or loneliness. However, research shows that there are healthier and more effective ways to do this, such as exercising, spending time with friends who don’t gamble, or practicing relaxation techniques. People who are under stress or in poor moods are also more likely to gamble than those who are happy and calm.

The first signs of a gambling problem often manifest as an increase in bets, amounts, or frequency of bets. As the problem escalates, a person may begin to feel an intense urge to win or lose, and they may not be able to control their actions. Finally, they will likely become preoccupied with their gambling and neglect other activities, such as work or school.

A person who has a gambling disorder may also have a history of substance use or other psychological problems, such as depression or anxiety. In fact, studies show that approximately 4% of people who are being treated for substance use disorder also have a gambling disorder, and 7% of psychiatric inpatients have a gambling disorder.

It is important to recognize the signs of a gambling problem in yourself or a loved one. If you suspect that you or a loved one is struggling with a gambling addiction, reach out to a support group for help. In addition, learn more about the risk of online gaming and set healthy boundaries to avoid becoming addicted.